You can’t be ‘addicted’ to social media — but it still sucks
Social media use
Too much social media can certainly be damaging. One major feature of social media is it allows users some control over how they present themselves to others. People can edit their online appearance and sometimes present themselves inaccurately while seeking validation from others.
This can cause all kinds of harm. In a study in 2019, we found when female users looked at the platforms for around one and a half hours per day, this was related toan increased desire to be thin, a heightened awareness of how they think other people judge them and motivation to exercise for the purposes of losing weight.
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And in 2016,we investigated the wayspeople seek validation on social media. We looked at how often people manipulate posts to increase the number of likes received, use social media to boost spirits or blindly post about issues with which they did not necessarily agree.
We found when this kind of online behavior increased, self-esteem decreased. But our findings didn’t necessarily show a compulsion to use social media – something key in making it an addiction. Other social factors, such as fear of missing out and narcissistic personality traits, may drive the need to use social media to an unhealthy degree.
Social media addiction
In 2020,we undertook a studyinto harmful gambling that might help answer the question of whether social media addiction is real.
We found that rapid technological developments in the ease and speed of access of phone and tablet apps are leading to increased levels of gambling harm. Similar psychological processes may be at work on social media platforms, where need for validation, craving and checking likes is amplified.
Behavioral explanations for how addictions develop emphasize the power of reinforcement. Gambling products often use the most powerful form of reinforcement:random pay outs. This, again, is potentially similar to the way users receive validation in the form of “likes” on social media.
There are some who might argue that chronic overuse of social media can be seen as an addiction, but it not is currently recognized as such by theAmerican Psychiatric Association.
There are important differences between excessive social media use and substances in terms of addiction. For example, withdrawal from the latter is often physically unpleasant and sometimes dangerous without medical supervision. Users often suffer stigma, which can be a barrier to seeking help. In comparison, it hasn’t yet been established that there are physical withdrawal effects when people stop using social media.
Considering social media use more as a continuum of possible harm might allow more scope for appropriately targeted messages that could prevent problems developing in the first place.
There are clearly elements of social media use that resonate with certain characterizations of addiction, such as psychological notions of excessive appetites or powerful motivations, and the built-in platform mechanisms of reinforcement through random affirmations or “likes”. It’s also clear that this can be harmful in terms of negative impact on some users’ self-esteem and body image.
But despite these factors, the most useful question might be how to create a healthy balance of interaction in our virtual and real worlds.
It’s worth remembering that behavioral addictions, like those to substances, often occur alongside other mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, suggesting that vulnerability may be multifaceted. This may also be true of excessive social media use.
This article byBev John, Professor of Addictions and Health Psychology,University of South WalesandMartin Graff, Senior Lecturer in Psychology of Relationships,University of South Wales, is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.
Story byThe Conversation
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